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Structure of a Gene Regulatory Network.
Control process of a Gene Regulatory Network.
A gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other (indirectly through their RNA and protein expression products) and with other substances in the cell, thereby governing the rates at which genes in the network are transcribed into mRNA. In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell-wall or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme; a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory. In single-celled organisms regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol[1]. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects. In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape[2]. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs. IRC Chat channels
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Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ... the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical ... Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ... the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical ... Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ... the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical ... Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ...for the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical properties ... Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ...for the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical properties ... Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ...for the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical properties ... Re: Is Evolution a Fact? ...for the transparency of the lens, and regulatory conservation between the betagamma-crystallin gene in... knowledge of the morphological, physiological and gene expression similarities between the C. ...-option and combination of ancient gene regulatory networks; one controlling morphogenetic aspects of ... one controlling the expression of a gene family responsible for the biophysical properties ... |
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The Regulatory Genome: Gene Regulatory Networks In Development And Evolution 
Computational Intelligence in Medical Informatics (Studies in Computational Intelligence) (Studies in Computational Intelligence) 
Transactions on Computational Systems Biology VI (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) 
Transactions on Computational Systems Biology VIII (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) 
Transactions on Computational Systems Biology VII (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) 
Modeling gene regulatory networks with piecewise linear differential equations [An article from: European Journal of Operational Research] 
Regulatory Networks of Gene Expression in Heart and Skeletal Muscle Cells